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Last update 10/03/01
400
Vulgate (Old Testament):
Eusebius
Hieronymus (St. Jerome, 347-420) is the Saint and father of the Latin Church. He
studied Greek and Roman literature at Rome under the famous grammarian, Domatus.
He became a Christian and later literary secretary to Pope Damascus. His letters
give a very vivid picture of the social conditions of the time in Rome. His
translation of the SEPTUAGINT (and an old Latin version of the Old Testament)
into the Latin Vulgate is still the official version of the Roman Catholic
Church. He died in Bethlehem.
775
Alcuin's Vulgate:
Alcuin
(755-804), English theologian and scholar, adviser to Charlemagne. He made the
court at Aachen a center of culture, circulated a purified Latin text of the Vulgate,
and was the principal agent in Charlemagne's reform of the Liturgy.
1054
Formation of Eastern Church:
Orthodox
Eastern Church separated from the Roman Catholic Church.
1300's
Black Death:
(Bubonic
Plague), Called Black Death, from dark buboes or swellings which accompany it.
The disease has caused millions of deaths in moist and moderately warm climates
all over the world, but notably at Constantinople, many times since 543, and in
the plagues of London, 1665, and of Hong Kong, 1894. The disease is caused by
the Bacillus pestis, which is transmitted by the rat-fly. Its symptoms include
vomiting, diarrhea, hemorrhages, swelling of joints and discoloration of the
skin. The disease lasts from 1 to 30 days and is usually fatal.
1350
Wyclif Bible:
John
Wyclif (1320-84), English religious reformer. He and his followers translated
the entire Bible into English. With the protection of his patron, John
of Gaunt, he attacked many ecclesiastical abuses and doctrines, proclaimed
that salvation depends upon predestination and grace rather than on membership
of a visible Church, and insisted on the right of all men to have access to the
Scriptures in the vernacular. His denial of transubstantiation was condemned
(1381) as heretical. His followers were known as Lollards.
>John
of Gaunt:
(1340-99)
Duke of Lancaster and son of Edward III. He was the virtual ruler of England in
the last years of his father's reign. He continued to dominate the
administration during much of the minority of his nephew, Richard II. Distrusted
by the court and by the Church, he spent much time trying to conquer Castile,
without success.
>Jan
Hus:
(1369-1415)
Bohemian religious reformer. Influenced by the teachings of Wyclif, he denounced
ecclesiastical abuses and challenged the authority of Rome. He was
excommunicated (1410), and accepted the safe-conduct of the Emperor Sigismund to
attend the Council of Constance (1414), but at Constance he was summarily
condemned and burned at the stake as a heretic.1455 Gutenberg Bible
A
Latin Bible printed in Mainz (Mayence) Germany between 1452-1455, and attributed
in part to Gutenberg.. It is generally considered to be the first book printed
from movable type. Latter he published "Letters of Indulgence",
1454-1455 and "Catholicon", 1460.
1516
Desiderius Erasmus:
Published
the first Greek edition of the New Testament, with an accompanying Latin
version. This version was based upon a few medieval manuscripts, the earliest
and best of the eight manuscripts, which Erasmus consulted, was from the tenth
century, and he made the least use of it because it differed most from the
commonly received text.
1535
Miles Coverdale:
Miles
Coverdale embraced the doctrines of the reformers. And in 1535 brought out his
translation of the Scriptures, the first printed English version of the entire
Bible. In 1551, he was made bishop of Exeter, was deprived of his see on the
accession of Mary, 1553, and was thrown into prison. Under Elizabeth he was
rector of St. Magnus, London. His translation was much used in the King
James Version. The Psalter of the "Book of Common Prayer" is also
his.
1536
William Tyndale:
He made
the first English version of the scriptures made by direct translation from the
original Hebrew and Greek, and the first to be printed. He was educated at
Oxford and Cambridge, and ordained a priest in 1523, becoming Chaplain to Sir
John Walsh. Removing to London in 1523, he began the work of translating the
Bible into everyday language. Forced to leave England in 1524, he went to
Germany, and began printing his New Testament translation at Cologne, Through
the influence of Henry VIII of England, he was arrested as spreading sedition
(willfully perverting the meaning of the Scriptures), his New Testaments were
ordered to be burned as "untrue translations." And in October 1536, He
was publicly strangled, and burned at the stake at Vilvorde.
1537
Thomas Matthew:
Probably
a pseudonym for John Rogers
1539
The Great Bible:
1552
Thirty-Nine Articles:
Doctrinal
formulas drawn up by Archbishop Cranmer for the
English Reformed Church in 1552. Set-aside during the short reign of Mary, they
were permanently restored under Elizabeth. Originally consisting of 42 articles,
they were revised and reduced to 39 1n 1603. They are found in the prayer book
of the Anglican Church and the P.E. Church and must be accepted by all
candidates for ordination.
>Cranmer,
Thomas (1489-1556):
English
prelate and reformer. In 1553 he was made archbishop of Canterbury and declared
the marriage of Henry VIII with Catherine of Aragon invalid. Later he further
accommodated Henry in the latter's marital affairs and helped the king abolish
the supremacy of the Pope. Under Edward VI he reformed the rite of the Church
and helped depose Bishop Gardiner and others. Soon after Mary's accession, he
was tried for treason and burned at Oxford.
1560
The Geneva Bible:
An
English translation of the Bible made by English Protestant refugees. It was
based on Tyndale's version. It was itself
succeeded by the King James Authorized Version. Geneva Calvinists? (Geneva
bands)
1568
The Bishops' Bible:
The
English translation of the Bible produced under the authority of Archbishop
Parker, as a challenge to the Calvinistic Geneva Bible.
1582
The Roman Catholic Bible:
A
translation of the New Testament, made from the Latin Vulgate by Roman Catholic
scholars, was published at Rheims France.
1589
Theodore De Beze:
Theodore
De Beze (1519-1605) French Protestant theologian and reformer. He was converted
to Protestantism in 1548 and settled at Geneva, where he was the associate of John
Calvin till the latter's death, and his successor as professor of theology
and head of the Protestant party. Several times, he was the Huguenot spokesman
before various princes. He wrote a Latin version of the New Testament that
closely followed that published by Erasmus. Though he had access to two
manuscripts of great value, dating from the fifth and sixth centuries, he made
very little use of them because they differed from the text published by
Erasmus. He also wrote the play "The Sacrifice of Abraham", 1550.
>John
Calvin:
1509-1564
Swiss Protestant reformer, in Noyon, Picardy. He was educated for the clergy at
Paris and later studied law at Orleans. He then returned to Paris, and studied
theology with Faris lan Lefevew. He abandoned the Roman Catholic church and
became a staunch adherent to the reformed, or Protestant, religion, His
"Institutes of the Christian religion", 1536, caused his exile from
France. After some wandering he settled in Geneva, Switzerland, 1541, where he
became the ecclesiastical and civil head. His rule was austere, and severe
punishments were inflicted, the executions of Castellio, Bolsec and Servetus
being particularly resented. Calvanism, emphasized predestination, the
omnipotence of God, the election, redemption and bondage of will, etc. His works
include Commentaries on the New Testament, on the Book of Psalms; in Geneva.
1603
Thirty-Nine Articles reduced:
1611
King James Version:
the
translators who made the King James Version took into account all of the
preceding versions; and comparison shows that it owes something to each of them.
It kept felicitous phrases and apt expressions, from whatever source, had stood
the test of public usage, it owed most, especially in the New Testament, to Tyndale.
The King James Version had to compete with the Geneva
Bible in popular use; but in the end it prevailed, and for more than two and
a half centuries no other authorized translation of the Bible into English was
made.
1618
Thirty Years' War:
Began as
a struggle between Protestants and Roman Catholics, continued in an effort to
establish the authority of the state over the church, and ended in a struggle of
the Austrian royal house under the emperor Ferdinand (Roman Catholic) to
maintain its imperial power.
1648
Peace of Westphalia:
Treaties
signed (Oct. 24,1648) By the Holy Roman Empire, France, Sweden, and the
Protestant states of the Empire, ending the Thirty Years' War. The Holy Roman
Empire was greatly weakened by the recognition of the German states. France
gained Alsace, and emerged as the dominant power in Europe. Sweden gained the
western part of Pomerania. Switzerland and the United Netherlands were
recognized as independent. Religions toleration was extended to the Calvinists.
1881
English Revised Version:
1901
American Standard Version:
A variant
embodying the preferences of the American scholars associated in the work on the
ESV. Copyrighted in 1928
1946
Revised Standard Version (old):
1951
Revised Standard Version (old/new):
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